This is largely because of growing constraints on the availability of terrestrial supplies. The current annual level of extraction stands at 15-20 million tonnes and has the potential to increase to up to 29 million tonnes by 2030 (The Crown Estate, 2021). For example, marine dredged aggregate is likely to play a key role in future port, nuclear and offshore wind farm developments in addition to beach replenishment and flood defence works. This makes it a key resource in supporting the delivery of major infrastructure projects that support government policies related to ensuring energy security and combating climate change. On average, around 90% is used by the construction sector, meeting 20% of the sand and gravel demand in England and Wales (The Crown Estate, 2021). The dredging of marine mineral resources (sand and gravel) from the seabed around England and Wales is an important means of winning primary aggregate (comprising sand, gravel and crushed rock).
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